MIANGUL HASSAN AURANGZEB, J. Through this judgment, I propose to decide writ petitions No.3440/2021, 3646/2021, 3723/2021, 3732/2021, 3771/2021 and 3965/2021 since they entail certain common features.
2. Through the above-referred petitions, the petitioners assail the vires of the provisions of the Pakistan Medical Commission Conduct of Examinations Regulations, 2021 ("the 2021 Regulations ") made by the Medical and Dental Council in exercise of the powers conferred by Section 40 read with Section 8(2)(f) of the Pakistan Medical Commission Act, 2020 (" the PMC Act").
3. In writ petitions No.3723/2021 and No.3732/2021, the petitioners have assaile d the vires of Regulations 5(5), 6(3), 6(4), 6(5) and 10(2) of the 2021 Regulations. In the prayer clause of writ petition No.3440/2021, no specific Regulation of the 2021 Regulations has been challenged. However , it has been prayed that "the relevant provisions" of the 2021 Regulations may be declared ultra vires the spirit of the Constitution.
4. Learned counsel for the petitioners submitted that Regulation 5(4) of the 2021 Regulations requires the Council to notify the syllabus at least 60 days prior to the start of the MDCA T exam whereas this year the syllabus was issued 57 days before the examination; that Regulation 6(3) provides inter alia that no person shall have the right to object to the questions contained in the exam; that if any question in the exam is out of the syllabus, the said provision restricts a person taking the examination to object to such an irregularity; that the restriction in Regulation 6(4) to disclose the questions or answers in the exam after the conduct of the exam is most unreasonable; that the requirement for the exam to be taken online or through a computer is also unreasonable since not all students who take the exam are computer-literate; that the registration fee has been raised from Rs.500/- to Rs.6,000/- which amounts to denial of the fundamental right to education; that in the last MDCA T exam, there were several questions which were out of the syllabus; and that there were also questions which had been repeated more than once.
Learned counsel for the petitioners prayed for the petitions to be allowed in terms of the relief sought therein.
5. On the other hand, learned counsel for the PMC submitted that a few petitioners have passed the MDCA T exam, and they just want another opportunity to take the exam so as to improve their results; that the grievance of the petitioners who have failed the MDCA T exam is belied by fact that thousands of students have passed the MDCA T exam and they have already been granted admissions in medical and dental colleges; that there was no substantial change in the syllabus of the MDCA T exam conducted in 2021; that any student having a grievance regarding the questions in his/her exam could file a review application before the PMC; that the PMC has allowed several review applications; and that there is no prohibition in the law for the MDCA T exam to be computer-based or to be taken on different dates as long as one student takes one MDCA T exam in one year. Learned counsel prayed for the petitions to be dismissed.
6. I have heard the contentions of the learned counsel for the contesting parties and have perused the record with their able assistance.
7. Section 8(2)(f) of the PMC Act empowers the Pakistan Medical and Dental Council ("Council ") to frame regulations for the conduct of admissions in medical and dental colleges and examinations to be conducted by the Pakistan Medical Commission ("PMC ") and approve the examination structure and standards of the medical and dental colleges admissions test, national licensing examinations and the national equivalence board examinations as proposed by the national medical and dental academic board including the standards of revalidation of licenses to practice medicine or dentistry in Pakistan.
8. The petitioners do not question the authority or capacity of the Council to make the 2021 Regulations nor do they assert that the Council did not have the statutory power to make the said Regulations.
9.The Medical and Dental Colleges Admissions Test ("MDCA T") is to be conducted in accordance with Section 18 of the PMC Act which is reproduced in "Schedule-A " hereto. Section 18(1) makes it mandatory for a student to pass a single admissions test (i.e., the MDCA T) in order to be admitted in a medical or dental undergraduate programmes in the year 2021 and thereafter anywhere in Pakistan. The MDCA T is required to be conducted annually by the National Medical Authority ("NMA ") on a date approved by the Council and as per the standards approved by the National Medical and Dental Academic Board. The marks obtained by a student in the MDCA T exam are to constitute a minimum of 50% of the weightage for the purposes of admission in public colleges.
10. This year, the MDCA T exam was conducted by the NMA at 25 different examination centres in Pakistan and 6 centres abroad between 30.08.2021 to 02.10.2021. The 276 students who were suffering from COVID-19 or Dengue infections took the MDCA T exam on 09.10.2021.
11. All the petitioners participated in the MDCAT exam. None of them challenged the vires of the 2021 Regulations prior to taking the MDCA T exam. It was only after some of the petitioners failed the MDCA T and others were not able to obtain the marks that they were hoping for that they decided to challenge the vires of different provisions of the 2021 Regulations. The marks obtained by the petitioners in the MDCA T are set out in " Schedule-B " hereto.
12. Learned counsel for the petitioners had submitted that Regulation 3(1) of the 2021 Regulations, which authorized the NMA to conduct the MDCA T on different dates between 1st July and 15th October of each calendar year, was repugnant to Section 18 of the PMC Act which according to the petitioners' interpretation required the MDCA T to be taken on one date througho ut the country . Although Regulation 3(1) of the 2021 Regulations has not been specifically challenged by any of the petitioners, the Hon'ble High Court of Sindh vide judgment dated 03.12.2020 passed in Constitutional petition No.D-6021/2020 had spurned the challenge to the said Regulation in the following terms:- "9. Regarding the argument advanced on behalf of the petitioners that Sectio n 18 ibid allows only a single NMDCA T and as such the impugned announcement of conducting the subject tests on two different dates is ultra vires the PMC Act, we are of the view that a plain reading of Section 18(1) ibid would show that the words "on a date" and "a single admissions test" contained therein do not mean that the same must be read conjunctively . The words "a single admissions test" clearly denote a single attempt by every applicant; and the words "on a date" undoubtedly mean the date approved by the Council. In this context, the submission made on behalf of PMC that a single admissions test means a centralized test across Pakistan also has force. It is not disputed that all the applicants appearing in the subject tests on both the given dates will be allowed only one / single attempt, and both the said dates have been duly approved by the Council. As noted above, the Council has the power under Section 8(2)(f) of the PMC Act to frame regulation s for the "conduct" of admissions in medi cal and dental colleges "and the examinations to be conducted by PMC" . Therefore, the approval accorded by the Council for conducting the subject tests on two dates cannot be deemed to be illegal or ultra vires the PMC Act, especially when every applicant will be allowed only a single attempt."
13. Since I am in respectful agreement with the said above-referred conclusion of the Hon'ble High Court of Sindh regarding the vires of Regulation 3(1) of the 2021 Regulations, the petitioners challenge to the said Regulation is decided in terms of the said judgment.
14. Regulation 5(5) of the 2021 Regulations provides that the MDCA T exam shall be an assessment exam to determine the competence and suitability of a person to be inducted in a medical or dental undergraduate programme in Pakistan. It also provides that the National Medical and Dental Academic Board when formulating the syllabus of the MDCA T exam shall not be bound to any textbook or HSSC Board' s syllabus: provided that the MDCA T exam syllabus in the science subjects does not exceed the general maximum curriculum of HSSC offered in Pakistan.
15. It was asserted on behalf of the petitioners in writ petition No.3965/2021 that in the MDCA T exam syllabus framed this year, the curriculum of HSSC offered in Pakistan was ignored for the science subjects. This is a question of fact and even if it is assumed that the curriculum of HSSC offered in Pakistan was ignored for the science subjects while framing the syllabus for MDCA T exam this year, this is no valid ground to strike down Regulation 5(5) of the 2021 Regulations . Whether the questions framed in the MDCA T exam were out of the syllabus is also a question of fact, and cannot cause this Court to strike down the said Regulation. The pleadings of the petitioners in the said writ petition regarding the questions in the MDCA T exam being out of the syllabus are vague and generalized. It has not been pleaded as to which specific question, the petitioners were unable to answer on account of being out of the syllabus. The question bank may well have been secured but no student pointed out any particular question which according to him / her was out of the syllabus.
16. The petitioners challenged Regulation 6(3) of the 2021 Regulations which provides that for the MDCA T exam, a student would be provided a unique examination paper randomly selected by the computer programme, and that no person shall have the right to object to the questions contained in the examina tion. The petitioners assert that although Section 20 of the PMC Act provides that the NLE would be based on "objective computer based multiple choice questions ," there is no provision in Section 18 of the said Act, which deals with the MDCA T exam, for the said exam to be computer-based. Suffice it to say that the lack of prescription in Section 18 of the said Act for the MDCA T exam to be computer-based does not mean that a computer-based MDCA T exam is prohibited. None of the petitioners asserted that they were not computer-literate or were unable to operate the tablets provided by the NMA to them for taking the MDCA T exam. As mentioned above, none of the petitioners prior to taking the MDCA T exam objected to the same being computer-based. Therefore, they are estopped from throwing a challenge to Regulation 6(3) of the 2021 Regulations. Even otherwise, there is nothing irrational or unreasonable in the said Regulation, nor does it, in my view , transgress any of the provisions of the 2021 Regulations.
17. The petitioners also assailed Regulati on 10(2) of the 2021 Regulations which provides that result of the MDCA T exam as communicated and issued shall be final and shall be neither available for rechecking or any other objection from the person having taken the exam. The petitioners asserted that the said Regulation was unreasonable inasmuch as the MDCA T exam taken by a student was neither available for rechecking or any other objection from the person having taking the exam could be entertained. Learned counsel for the PMC submitted that the Council has decided that in order to satisfy the students, an opportunity shall be provided to the students to review their wrongly answered test questions on the computer terminal. It was also decided to make necessary amendments in the 2021 Regulations so as to provide for an opportunity of a review . He brought on record documents showing that in all 8,766 cases for review were registered out of which the result was changed in 1,669 cases. The last date for filing a review application was 10.11.2021. None of the petitioners opted to go in review before the PMC and/or the NMA. With the decision of the Council to give an opportunity of a review to students, the petitioners' challenge to Regulation 10(2) of the said Regulations is rendered redundant.
18. The petitioners have also complained that no practice MDCA T exam was conducted by the NMA in fulfillment of its obligations under Regulation 6(5) of the 2021 Regulations. Even if it is assumed that no practice MDCA T exam was conducted by the NMA , this ipso facto would not cause to hold that the requirement to conduct a practice MDCA T exam is ultra vires the provisions of the parent Act and/or the Constitution.
19. The petitioners submitted that the NMA had violated Regulation 5(4) of the 2021 Regulations by not making the syllabus for the MDCA T available at least 60 days prior to the start of the MDCA T exam. It was also asserted that there was a substantial alteration in the syllabus and therefore, it would have been made available at least 120 days prior to the start of the MDCA T exam as required to the proviso to the Regulation 5(4) of the said Regulations.
It is an admitted position that the syllabus for the MDCA T exam had been uploaded on PMC' s website on 04.06.2021 whereas the MDCA T exam commenced on 30.08.2021. Since there was a gap of 85 days between the said dates, Regulation 5(4) had not been violated. The PMC, in its written comments, has asserted that there was no substantial change in the syllabus. Whether or not there had been a substantial change in the syllabus requiring a gap of 120 days between the syllabus being made available prior to the start of the MDCA T exam is a question of fact which cannot be adjudicated upon in the Constitutional jurisdiction of this Court.
20. In the case of Modern Textile Mills Limited Vs. Collector of Central Excise and Land Customs (2000 CLC 1583 ), it has been held that the Court must explore all avenues for upholding the validi ty of an instrument before striking down the same as ultra vires whereas in the case of Khawaja Ahmad Hassaan Vs. Government of Punjab (2005 SCMR 186), it has been held that rules may be declared ultra vires if the same are not made, published or sanctioned in the manner prescribed by the enactment, repugnant to it, uncertain or unreasonable, made in bad faith, misconstruction of the enabling Act, failure to comply with the conditions prescribed under the enactment and violation of the object and reasons of the enactment. Since the test for striking down Regulations made in exercise of statutory power has not been satisfied in the case at hand, the petitions are liable to be dismissed.
21. Learned counsel for the petitioners were candid in their submission that what the petitioners actually wanted was to be given another opportunity to take the MDCA T exam which should not be based on multiple choice questions through the computer but should be a pen and paper exam. They asserted that if such an opportunity is granted to the petitioners, they would be in a position to improve their results. A better result would enable them to get admission in the medical and dental colleges of higher standards. With this avowed purpose, the petitioners have thrown a challenge to the vires of the 2021 Regulations.
22. As per the data provided by PMC, 194,133 students took the MDCA T out of whom 68,680 have passed. The last date for getting admissions in medical and dental colleges was 19.11.2021. Strong vested rights have been created in favour of all the students who have passed the MDCA T exam and on the basis of their result they have obtained admissions in the medical and dental institutions in Pakistan. Such rights cannot be undone in absence of the students who have already been admitted in the medical or dental institutions. Even if it is assumed that the petitioners had made out a case for the issuance of a writ, given the present circumstances it would be most inequitable to issue a writ.
23. In view of the above, I do not find any merit in these petitions which are accordingly dismissed with no order as to costs.
"SCHEDULE-A"
18. Medical and dental colleges admissions tests (MDCA T).......................
(1) The Authority shall conduct annually on a date approved by the Council and as per standards approved by the Board a single admissions test which shall be a mandatory requirement for all students seeking admission to medical or dental under-graduate programs anywhere in Pakistan.
(2) No student shall be awarded a medical or dental degree in Pakistan who has not passed the MDCA T prior to obtaining admission in a medical or dental college in Pakistan: Provided that such requirement shall be mandatory for all students who have been enrolled in medical or dental under-graduate programs in the year 2021 and thereafter .
(3) The admission to medical or dental programs conducted by public colleges shall be regulated as per the policy of the Provincial Governments strictly on merit and admission to a private college shall be in accordance with the criteria and requirements stipulated by the private college at least one year in advance of admissions including any additional entrance test as may be conducted by a private college subject to any conditions imposed by the relevant university to which such college is af filiated: Provided that the marks obtained by a student in the MDCA T conducted by the Authority shall constitute a minimum of fifty percent of the weightage for the purposes of admission in the public colleges.
"SCHEDULE-B"
INTERIM & FINAL RESUL T OF THE PETITIONERS IN W .P.Nos. 3732, 3723, 3440 & 3646/ 2021 SR. No. NAME ROLL No.MDCA T INTERIM RESUL T (ANNOUNCED ON DA Y OF EXAM)MDCA T FINAL RESUL T (ANNOUNCED ON 9 OCTOBER)STATUS
1. Aleena Tahir 1088183 156 175 Pass
2. Tayyaba Javid 1017096 115 137 Pass
3. Mona Kameer 1044456 135 155 Pass
4. Mehkan-ul Jannah 1032102 134 147 Pass
5. Muhammad Huzaifa Asghar1004982 150 165 Pass
6. Maryam Mansoor 1029622 119 132 Fail
7. Sara Sajjad 1103793 125 147 Pass
8. Muhammad Ahmed 1015536 103 130 Fail
9. Fawad Ali 1166511 76 100 Fail
10. Amina Hafeez 1166270 149 174 Pass
11. Mushtaq Ahmed 1090674 58 73 Fail
12. Sumana Batool 1053819 89 104 Fail
13. Jaffar Khan 1035054 112 129 Fail
14. Abdul Hameed 1079801 131 150 Pass
15. Hamna Naeem 1004570 149 162 Pass
16. Shiza Amjad 1082469 131 153 Pass Sr. No.NAME ROLL No.MDCA T FINAL RESUL T (ANNOUNCED ON 9 OCT OBER)STATUS
17. Mahum Shaukat 1101779 169 Pass
18. Zunaira Shahzadi 1010384 144 Pass
19. Hamna Ayub 1097733 152 Pass